Optical Networking and Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)
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| Duration: 2 Days |
Who Should Attend
Communications managers, MIS professionals, network managers, equipment providers, carrier and service provider personnel with a need to understand optical access, metropolitan, national and international networks.
What You Will Learn
- Understand the fundamental technical concepts of fiber optic
transmission and the major elements of fiber networks.
- Learn the differences between the various types of fiber
cable, why certain wavelengths are used for optical transmission, and the
major impairments that must be addressed.
- Understand the basic technology of wave division multiplexing,
the major areas for increasing capacity, and how SONET, Gigabit Ethernet and
other optical formats can be combined on a fiber link.
- Compare the different types of optical transmitters including
LEDs, side-emitting/surface-emitting, tuned and tunable lasers.
- Understand why factors like chromatic dispersion and polarization
mode dispersion become more important at higher bit rates and the techniques
that can be employed to compensate for them.
- Review the function of various passive optical components
such as Bragg gratings, arrayed waveguides, optical interleavers, dispersion
compensation modules, etc.
- Evaluate the Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet optical interfaces
and how Resilient Packet Ring technology might allow Ethernet to replace SONET
in data applications.
- Compare and contrast the basic categories of all-optical
and O-E-O switches, and evaluate their strengths and limitations for edge,
grooming, and core applications.
- Evaluate the options for free-space optical transmission
and the particular impairments that must be addressed.
- Learn the fundamental challenges for optical routing and
how optical burst switching could work with MPLS and GMPLS to provide the
basis for optical routing networks.
- Explore current and evolving public network applications,
including next-generation digital loop carrier, wavelength services/Virtual
Dark Fiber, passive optical networks (PONs), Multiservice Provisioning Platforms,
and Virtual SONET Rings.
A. Introduction
- A Brief History of Fiber Optics
- Basics of Fiber Optic Transmission: Single Mode and Multimode
- General Benefits: Range, Capacity, Immunity to Noise/Crosstalk
- Elements in a Fiber Network: Point-to-Point, Ring, and WDM-based
- Traditional Fiber Configurations: SONET, FDDI, 1G/10G Ethernet, Fibre
Channel, ESCON, Cable TV
- The Wave-division Multiplexing Revolution
B. Basics of Fiber Physics
- The Analog Nature of Light
- Conducting Light in a Fiber: Refractive Index Profile
- Signal Attenuation: Material Loss, Splicing and Leakage
- Pulse Spreading
- Modal Dispersion
- Chromatic Dispersion
- Polarization Mode Dispersion
- Nonlinear Effects
- Four-wave mixing
- Self phase and cross phase modulation
- Raman scattering
- Dispersion Compensation: Fixed vs. Tunable
C. Optical Transmitters
- Components of a Fiber Terminal
- Wavelengths/Frequencies—O, E, S, C and L Bands
- Types of Optical Transmitters
- LEDs
- Lasers: Fabry-Perot, DBR, DFB, VCSELs
- Externally modulated lasers: lithium niobate, EAMs
- RZ and NRZ coding
- Tunable Lasers
- Multisection DFB
- MEMS-VCSEL
- External Cavity/Littman Metcalf
- Optical Regeneration
- Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs)
- Raman Amplifiers
- Semiconductors Optical Amplifiers (SOAs)
- Wavelength Conversion
D. Types of Optical Fiber
- How a Fiber is Made
- Major Parameters:
- Loss profile
- Dispersion/dispersion slope
- Effective area
- Splices and Connector Issues
- Multimode:
- Single Mode:
- Conventional single mode
- Dispersion shifted
- Non-zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZDSF)
- Specialized: DCF, DFF, E band
E. Passive Optical Components
- Optical Multiplexers/Demultiplexers
- Bragg Gratings
- Thin Film Dielectrics
- Diffraction Gratings
- Mach-Zehnder Arrayed Waveguides
- Optical Interleavers
- Optical Attenuators/Gain Flattering Filters
- Automatic Gain Equalizers
- Fiber Delay Loops (FDLs)
- Dispersion Compensation Modules—Active and Passive
F. Free-space Optics
- Major Advantages: Cost, Lead Times, Rights-of-Way
- Wavelengths Employed
- Bit Rates and Range Capabilities
- Free-space Optical Impairments/Solutions
- Scintillation
- Beam scattering/Mie scattering
- Building sway
G. Optical Formats: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)/Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH) and Gigabit Ethernet
- SONET/SDH Overview
- Ring Configurations: UPSR, BLSR
- Multiplexing Hierarchy/Formats: OC/STS-n
- Overhead vs. payload
- Virtual Tributary (VT) Multiplexing
- Concatenated formats: OC-3c, 12c, 48c, 192c
- Data over SONET, Generic Framing Procedure
- ATM over SONET, Packet over SONET (POS)
- Gigabit/10 Gigabit Ethernet Alternative
- 1 Gigabit Ethernet
- 10 Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces (10G-base LR/ER/SR/etc.)
- WAN Phy s
- LAN Phys
- WWDM/4-Lane LAN
- Reliability Options
- Spanning Tree/Rapid Spanning Tree
- Resilient Packet Ring
- Pros and Cons: SONET vs. Gigabit Ethernet
H. Wave-division Multiplexing
- Basic Components/Configurations
- Bit Rate and Range Tradeoffs
- Metro vs. Long Haul (CWDM/DWDM)
- Current and Potential Capacities
- Areas for Expansion
- Wavelengths
- Channel spacing (50 GHz, 25 GHz, 12.5 GHz)
- Bandwidth efficiency
I. Basics of Optical Switching
- Major Categories: Edge, Grooming, Core Switches
- Channel Equalization Options
- Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADMs)
- All-optical Cross Connect
- Transparent vs. opaque
- Optical switching technologies: 2-D/3-D MEMS, Bubbles, Liquid Crystals,
Solid State (Lithium Niobate)
- Specialized: tunable lasers, wavelength converters
- Optical-Electronic-Optical (O-E-O) Cross Connect
- Advantages/disadvantages
- STS/STM-n switching
- Clos vs. Torus architectures
- Control Plane Options
- Proprietary
- Optical UNI
- GMPLS
J. Optical Packet Switching
- Packet Switching vs. Channel/Lambda Switching
- Basic Approaches:
- Optical Transparent Packet Network (OTPN)
- Optical Burst Switching (OBS)
- Multiprotocol Label Switching/Multiprotocol Lambda Switching (MPLS)
K. Optical Network Configurations
- Fundamental Applications: Access, Metropolitan, Long Distance, International
- Access Arena
- Next-generation digital loop carrier
- Private and semi-private networks
- Wavelength services/Virtual Dark Fiber
- Passive Optical Networks (PONs): APONs, EPONs, BPONs
- Metropolitan area Ethernet
- Multiservice Provisioning Platforms: LuxN, ONI, Appian
- Wide Area:
- O-E-O elimination/pass through
- Mesh networks/virtual SONET rings
- Wide area wavelength services
L. Developing Areas in Optical Networking
- Transparent Optical Networks
- Tunable Lasers
- Wavelength Conversion
- Code Division Multiple Access
- Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers/Raman Amplifiers
- Generalized MPLS
- Optical Processing and Storage
Course Leaders:
Michael Finneran, President, dBRN Associates, Inc.